NLTK

Supported Labeling Types: Span Labeling

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is an open-source Python library for natural language processing (NLP). It provides tools for text preprocessing such as tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging, and more. In the context of our labeling platform, NLTK can be integrated to support various preprocessing tasks that help improve label consistency and model training quality. Its ease of use and rich set of linguistic resources make it a useful option for preparing and analyzing text data before or during the labeling process.

ML Assisted with NLTK

Model Details

• NLTK POS-tagging is performed using nltk.pos_tag, which internally utilizes the nltk.PerceptronTagger. This is a fast and accurate approach for part-of-speech tagging in English.

• The underlying models are trained on the Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank, providing strong performance on formal, edited text common in business documents.

• The tagger assigns grammatical categories to words based on the UPenn Treebank Tagset, which includes categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and more.

• Fully integrated into the Datasaur Intelligence container for consistent, dependency-free operation.

Greedy Averaged Perceptron tagger, as implemented by Matthew Honnibal. See more implementation details here: https://explosion.ai/blog/part-of-speech-pos-tagger-in-python>

Usage

• Text preprocessing for consistency and model training improvements.

• Supports syntactic analysis in annotation workflows.

• Tag set: UPenn Treebank Tag Set

  • The detailed available here

References

• https://www.nltk.org/book/ch05.html

• https://www.nltk.org/api/nltk.tag.html

• https://www.nltk.org/api/nltk.tag.perceptron.html

Appendix

NLTK Treebank

$	dollar e.g. $, -$, --$, A$, C$, HK$, M$, NZ$, S$, U.S.$, US$
''	closing quotation mark e.g. ', ''
(	opening parenthesis e.g. (, [, {
,	comma e.g. ,
--	dash e.g. --
.	sentence terminator e.g. ., !, ?
:	colon or ellipsis e.g. :, ;, ...
``	opening quotation mark e.g. `, ``

Treebank Tagset

Tag	Description
CC	conjunction, coordinating e.g. &, 'n, and, both, but, either, et, for, less, minus, neither, nor, or, plus, so, therefore, times, v., versus, vs., whether, yet
CD	numeral, cardinal e.g. mid-1890, nine-thirty, forty-two, one-tenth, ten, million, 0.5, one, forty-, seven, 1987, twenty, '79, zero, two, 78-degrees, eighty-four, IX, '60s, .025, fifteen, 271,124, dozen, quintillion, DM2,000, ...
DT	determiner e.g. all, an, another, any, both, del, each, either, every, half, la, many, much, nary, neither, no, some, such, that, the, them, these, this, those
EX	existential there e.g. there
FW	foreign word e.g. gemeinschaft, hund, ich, jeux, habeas, Haementeria, Herr, K'ang-si, vous, lutihaw, alai, je, jour, objets, salutaris, fille, quibusdam, pas, trop, Monte, terram, fiche, oui, corporis, ...
IN	preposition or conjunction, subordinating e.g. astride, among, uppon, whether, out, inside, pro, despite, on, by, throughout, below, within, for, towards, near, behind, atop, around, if, like, until, below, next, into, if, beside, ...
JJ	adjective or numeral, ordinal e.g. third, ill-mannered, pre-war, regrettable, oiled, calamitous, first, separable, ectoplasmic, battery-powered, participatory, fourth, still-to-be-named, multilingual, multi-disciplinary, ...
JJR	adjective, comparative e.g. bleaker, braver, breezier, briefer, brighter, brisker, broader, bumper, busier, calmer, cheaper, choosier, cleaner, clearer, closer, colder, commoner, costlier, cozier, creamier, crunchier, cuter, ...
JJS	adjective, superlative e.g. calmest, cheapest, choicest, classiest, cleanest, clearest, closest, commonest, corniest, costliest, crassest, creepiest, crudest, cutest, darkest, deadliest, dearest, deepest, densest, dinkiest, ...
LS	list item marker e.g. A, A., B, B., C, C., D, E, F, First, G, H, I, J, K, One, SP-44001, SP-44002, SP-44005, SP-44007, Second, Third, Three, Two, *, a, b, c, d, first, five, four, one, six, three, two
MD	modal auxiliary e.g. can, cannot, could, couldn't, dare, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, shouldn't, will, would
NN	noun, common, singular or mass e.g. common-carrier, cabbage, knuckle-duster, Casino, afghan, shed, thermostat, investment, slide, humour, falloff, slick, wind, hyena, override, subhumanity, machinist, ...
NNP	noun, proper, singular e.g. Motown, Venneboerger, Czestochwa, Ranzer, Conchita, Trumplane, Christos, Oceanside, Escobar, Kreisler, Sawyer, Cougar, Yvette, Ervin, ODI, Darryl, CTCA, Shannon, A.K.C., Meltex, Liverpool, ...
NNPS	noun, proper, plural e.g. Americans, Americas, Amharas, Amityvilles, Amusements, Anarcho-Syndicalists, Andalusians, Andes, Andruses, Angels, Animals, Anthony, Antilles, Antiques, Apache, Apaches, Apocrypha, ...
NNS	noun, common, plural e.g. undergraduates, scotches, bric-a-brac, products, bodyguards, facets, coasts, divestitures, storehouses, designs, clubs, fragrances, averages, subjectivists, apprehensions, muses, factory-jobs, ...
PDT	pre-determiner e.g. all, both, half, many, quite, such, sure, this
POS	genitive marker e.g. ', 's
PRP	pronoun, personal e.g. hers, herself, him, himself, hisself, it, itself, me, myself, one, oneself, ours, ourselves, ownself, self, she, thee, theirs, them, themselves, they, thou, thy, us
PRP$	pronoun, possessive e.g. her, his, mine, my, our, ours, their, thy, your
RB	adverb e.g. occasionally, unabatingly, maddeningly, adventurously, professedly, stirringly, prominently, technologically, magisterially, predominately, swiftly, fiscally, pitilessly, ...
RBR	adverb, comparative e.g. further, gloomier, grander, graver, greater, grimmer, harder, harsher, healthier, heavier, higher, however, larger, later, leaner, lengthier, less-, perfectly, lesser, lonelier, longer, louder, lower, more, ...
RBS	adverb, superlative e.g. best, biggest, bluntest, earliest, farthest, first, furthest, hardest, heartiest, highest, largest, least, less, most, nearest, second, tightest, worst
RBS	adverb, superlative e.g. best, biggest, bluntest, earliest, farthest, first, furthest, hardest, heartiest, highest, largest, least, less, most, nearest, second, tightest, worst
RBS	particle e.g. aboard, about, across, along, apart, around, aside, at, away, back, before, behind, by, crop, down, ever, fast, for, forth, from, go, high, i.e., in, into, just, later, low, more, off, on, open, out, over, per, pie, raising, start, teeth, that, through, under, unto, up, up-pp, upon, whole, with, you
RP	particle e.g. aboard, about, across, along, apart, around, aside, at, away, back, before, behind, by, crop, down, ever, fast, for, forth, from, go, high, i.e., in, into, just, later, low, more, off, on, open, out, over, per, pie, raising, start, teeth, that, through, under, unto, up, up-pp, upon, whole, with, you
SYM	symbol e.g. %, &, ', '', ''., ), )., *, +, ,., <, =, >, @, A[fj], U.S, U.S.S.R, *, **, ***
TO	"to" as preposition or infinitive marker e.g. to
UH	interjection e.g. Goodbye, Goody, Gosh, Wow, Jeepers, Jee-sus, Hubba, Hey, Kee-reist, Oops, amen, huh, howdy, uh, dammit, whammo, shucks, heck, anyways, whodunnit, honey, golly, man, baby, diddle, hush, sonuvabitch, ...
VB	verb, base form e.g. ask, assemble, assess, assign, assume, atone, attention, avoid, bake, balkanize, bank, begin, behold, believe, bend, benefit, bevel, beware, bless, boil, bomb, boost, brace, break, bring, broil, brush, build, ...
VBD	verb, base form e.g. ask, assemble, assess, assign, assume, atone, attention, avoid, bake, balkanize, bank, begin, behold, believe, bend, benefit, bevel, beware, bless, boil, bomb, boost, brace, break, bring, broil, brush, build, ...
VBG	verb, present participle or gerund e.g. telegraphing, stirring, focusing, angering, judging, stalling, lactating, hankerin', alleging, veering, capping, approaching, traveling, besieging, encrypting, interrupting, erasing, wincing, ...
VBN	verb, past participle e.g. multihulled, dilapidated, aerosolized, chaired, languished, panelized, used, experimented, flourished, imitated, reunifed, factored, condensed, sheared, unsettled, primed, dubbed, desired, ...
VBP	verb, present tense, not 3rd person singular e.g. predominate, wrap, resort, sue, twist, spill, cure, lengthen, brush, terminate, appear, tend, stray, glisten, obtain, comprise, detest, tease, attract, emphasize, mold, postpone, sever, return, wag, ...
VBZ	verb, present tense, 3rd person singular e.g. bases, reconstructs, marks, mixes, displeases, seals, carps, weaves, snatches, slumps, stretches, authorizes, smolders, pictures, emerges, stockpiles, seduces, fizzes, uses, bolsters, slaps, speaks, pleads, ...
WDT	WH-determiner e.g. that, what, whatever, which, whichever
WP	WH-determiner e.g. that, what, whatever, which, whichever
WP$	WH-pronoun, possessive e.g. whose
WRB	WH-adverb e.g. how, however, whence, whenever, where, whereby, whereever, wherein, whereof, why

References

• UPenn Treebank Docs https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/docs/LDC99T42/

• python -c "import nltk; nltk.help.upenn_tagset()"